A fast adaptive multigrid boundary element method for macromolecular electrostatic computations in a solvent

Ž . ABSTRACT: A fast multigrid boundary element MBE method for solving the Poisson equation for macromolecular electrostatic calculations in a solvent is developed. To convert the integral equation of the BE method into a numerical linear equation of low dimensions, the MBE method uses an adaptive tesselation of the molecular surface by BEs with nonregular size. The size of the BEs increases in three successive levels as the uniformity of the electrostatic field on the molecular surface increases. The MBE method provides a high degree of consistency, good accuracy, and stability when the sizes of the BEs are varied. Ž . The computational complexity of the unrestricted MBE method scales as O N , at where N is the number of atoms in the macromolecule. The MBE method is at ideally suited for parallel computations and for an integrated algorithm for calculations of solvation free energy and free energy of ionization, which are coupled with the conformation of a solute molecule. The current version of the 3-level MBE method is used to calculate the free energy of transfer from a vacuum to an aqueous solution and the free energy of the equilibrium state of ionization of a 17-residue peptide in a given conformation at a given pH in ; 400 s of CPU time on one node of the IBM SP2 supercomputer. Q 1997 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Comput Chem 18: 569]583, 1997